Reproducing Anthropic's "Toy Models of Superposition" from scratch in NumPy, with hand-derived gradients and no borrowed numbers.

The post I Trained a Tiny Network to Compress Data. It Drew a Pentagon. appeared first on Towards Data Science.

A Journey through TF-IDF, vector space, and text classification

The post From Words to Vectors: What Happens in Between? appeared first on Towards Data Science.

The mechanics behind local reasoning experiments with Unsloth and why the reward function matters as much as the model.

The post How GRPO Trains Small Language Models with Verifiable Rewards appeared first on Towards Data Science.

A beginner-friendly guide to building a world model in Python, letting it daydream its way through CartPole, and accurately measuring when the illusion collapses.

The post How to Make Your First World Model from Scratch appeared first on Towards Data Science.