When considering the history of AI, Richard Sutton observed that brute force and compute scale has always trumped human expertise, and when you look for it, you can see this “bitter lesson” play out throughout tech history. In his keynote at Ai4 2026, Tim O’Reilly explains why grappling with the bitter lesson is the forge […]

The following article originally appeared on Addy Osmani’s blog and is being republished here with the author’s permission. A software factory harnesses loops at scale. You can run the loop with humans in it (light factory), trading judgment and concentration against speed and breakage. Or you can ignore the humans (dark factory) and let those […]