Pre-training frontier LLMs comes down to throughput. When training spans trillions of tokens across thousands of accelerators, every percentage point of step...

Pre-training frontier LLMs comes down to throughput. When training spans trillions of tokens across thousands of accelerators, every percentage point of step time can add up to days of training and substantial compute costs. Numerical precision is one of the highest-leverage knobs available, but low- bit mixed-precision pretraining is hard to get right. To address this…

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