Mixture of experts (MoE) has become one of the defining architectural trends in large-scale AI model training. DeepSeek, Qwen, and Mixtral are examples of MoE...

Mixture of experts (MoE) has become one of the defining architectural trends in large-scale AI model training. DeepSeek, Qwen, and Mixtral are examples of MoE models that match or exceed the performance of dense model counterparts at a fraction of the training compute. MoE models provide efficient training through conditional computation. Instead of one dense feed-forward network (FFN) shared…

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This post is the third in a series on AI model co-design. It explores how to accelerate LLM inference while maintaining accuracy using speculative decoding and...

This post is the third in a series on AI model co-design. It explores how to accelerate LLM inference while maintaining accuracy using speculative decoding and offers five guidelines for selecting draft length and draft mechanism across the Pareto frontier. For a discussion of how model design choices impact both throughput and interactivity without sacrificing accuracy, see AI Model Co…

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NVIDIA Groq 3 LPX is the interactive AI inference accelerator for the NVIDIA Vera Rubin platform. At the core of the platform is NVIDIA Vera Rubin NVL72, the...

NVIDIA Groq 3 LPX is the interactive AI inference accelerator for the NVIDIA Vera Rubin platform. At the core of the platform is NVIDIA Vera Rubin NVL72, the most versatile machine ever built, delivering high throughput and interactivity across the widest range of AI workloads—from small to large models, both open and closed. Groq 3 LPX, when paired with Vera Rubin NVL72, extends the platform’s…

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Modern vision-language models (VLMs) can support tasks such as visual question answering, captioning, and image-text reasoning. In practice, however, the data...

Modern vision-language models (VLMs) can support tasks such as visual question answering, captioning, and image-text reasoning. In practice, however, the data needed to adapt these models may be distributed across institutions or organizations that cannot centralize their raw records. Federated learning provides a way to coordinate training across these data-local sites. For VLMs…

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Teams customize their models to hit their targets for latency, speed, memory, and compute. With the open NVIDIA Nemotron family of models, developers can find...

Teams customize their models to hit their targets for latency, speed, memory, and compute. With the open NVIDIA Nemotron family of models, developers can find the right-sized model for their needs. The new Nemotron 3.5 Lightning NVFP4 checkpoint, for example, preserves accuracy while unlocking up to 4x faster throughput. It’s compressed down to 22 GB from the 66 GB full precision checkpoint…

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NVIDIA Ising Calibration is an open source vision language model (VLM) designed to interpret diagnostic outputs from quantum processors and determine how they...

NVIDIA Ising Calibration is an open source vision language model (VLM) designed to interpret diagnostic outputs from quantum processors and determine how they should be tuned to continue operating. This post introduces the latest model release, NVIDIA Ising Calibration 1.5, which advances AI-based QPU calibration by analyzing unfamiliar diagnostic results without prior training examples.

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Frontier model pre-training has converged on mixture of experts (MoE), which is fundamentally changing what limits large-scale AI training. As compute per token...

Frontier model pre-training has converged on mixture of experts (MoE), which is fundamentally changing what limits large-scale AI training. As compute per token falls, communication increasingly determines how efficiently models scale across thousands of GPUs. NVIDIA GB300 NVL72 set a world record for pre-training DeepSeek-V3 671B at 1,648 TFLOPs per GPU, showing how advances across the entire AI…

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What if autonomous coding AI agents could push your vision reasoning models above 90% accuracy with almost no manual effort? When adapting vision reasoning...

What if autonomous coding AI agents could push your vision reasoning models above 90% accuracy with almost no manual effort? When adapting vision reasoning models to production video tasks, developers often lose days to data formatting, container setup, training scripts, baseline evaluation, and hyperparameter sweeps before they even know whether post-training improves accuracy.

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Large language model (LLM) training workloads increasingly run into GPU memory limits before compute is fully used. Model weights, gradients, optimizer states,...

Large language model (LLM) training workloads increasingly run into GPU memory limits before compute is fully used. Model weights, gradients, optimizer states, communication buffers, and intermediate activations all compete for GPU high-bandwidth memory (HBM). As model size, sequence length, and batch size grow, HBM capacity often becomes the primary scaling bottleneck. This post explains how…

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AI performance comes down to three dimensions:  Accuracy: How well the model reasons and produces outputs Throughput: How many tokens per second a...

AI performance comes down to three dimensions: Deployments must balance all three: High accuracy is wasted if responses are slow, and raw throughput means little if each user’s experience is laggy. Practical systems therefore optimize accuracy, throughput, and interactivity together. This post focuses on throughput and interactivity, and how model-design choices shape both without…

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Power can account for 40% of the operating expenses (OpEx) to run an AI factory. Each watt can be spent on overhead, data ingestion, training, or generating...

Power can account for 40% of the operating expenses (OpEx) to run an AI factory. Each watt can be spent on overhead, data ingestion, training, or generating tokens for customers. And most sites are capped at a fixed power level provided by a regional provider. Under these conditions, performance per watt becomes a key efficiency metric that directly translates to token costs.

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Transformer architectures are the backbone of many modern large language and generative AI models. As these models grow in size, training runs consume more GPU...

Transformer architectures are the backbone of many modern large language and generative AI models. As these models grow in size, training runs consume more GPU hours and more engineering iteration time. Accelerating transformers is therefore not just a performance optimization, but directly affects how quickly teams can experiment and how large a model they can afford to train.

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Foundation models are reshaping computational biology. Pretrained on massive corpora of protein or genomic sequences, models such as ESM2 (a protein language...

Foundation models are reshaping computational biology. Pretrained on massive corpora of protein or genomic sequences, models such as ESM2 (a protein language model) and Evo 2 (a DNA language model) capture statistical regularities of biological sequences. These transfer well to a wide range of downstream tasks, including structure prediction, variant effect, and functional annotation.

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Developing autonomous vehicle (AV) policies requires bridging an important gap between training and deployment. Vision-language-action (VLA) models that can...

Developing autonomous vehicle (AV) policies requires bridging an important gap between training and deployment. Vision-language-action (VLA) models that can reason over more complex driving scenes and produce richer intermediate reasoning are predominantly trained in open-loop, where model outputs are directly compared to ground-truth behaviors without considering their effect on the environment.

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High‑quality 3D medical imaging data is the foundation of modern radiology AI, but access to it is often constrained by data scarcity, privacy restrictions,...

High‑quality 3D medical imaging data is the foundation of modern radiology AI, but access to it is often constrained by data scarcity, privacy restrictions, and the high cost of expert annotation. As a result, training reliable 3D medical imaging models is frequently bottlenecked by small, narrow, and hard‑to‑share datasets, limiting model robustness and generalization. To help teams overcome…

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Higher-order optimization algorithms such as Shampoo have been effectively applied in neural network training for at least a decade. These methods have achieved...

Higher-order optimization algorithms such as Shampoo have been effectively applied in neural network training for at least a decade. These methods have achieved significant success more recently when applied to leading LLMs. In particular, Muon (MomentUm Orthogonalized by Newton-Schulz) was used to train some of today’s best open source models, including Kimi K2 and GLM-5.

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As LLMs transition from simple text generation to complex reasoning, reinforcement learning (RL) plays a central role. Algorithms like Group Relative Policy...

As LLMs transition from simple text generation to complex reasoning, reinforcement learning (RL) plays a central role. Algorithms like Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) power this transition, enabling reasoning-grade models to continuously improve through iterative feedback. Unlike standard supervised fine-tuning, RL training loops are bifurcated into two distinct, high-intensity phases: a…

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